中国物理海洋学研究70年:发展历程、学术成就概览   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

魏泽勋  郑全安  杨永增  刘克修  徐腾飞  王凡  胡石建  谢玲玲  李元龙  杜岩  周磊  林霄沛  胡建宇  朱建荣  李均益  张正光  侯一筠  刘泽  田纪伟  黄晓冬  管玉平  刘志宇  杨庆轩  赵玮  宋振亚  刘海龙  董昌明  于卫东  连涛  陈朝晖  史久新  雷瑞波  刘煜  于福江  尹宝树  陈戈  王岩峰  李整林  熊学军  汪嘉宁  李晓峰  王永刚 《海洋学报》2019,41(10):23-64

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团，以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强，研究领域不断拓展，涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果，其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的“普遍风浪谱”和“涌浪谱”，发展了第三代海浪数值模式；提出了“准调和分析方法”和“潮汐潮流永久预报”等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法；发现并命名了“棉兰老潜流”，揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等，系统描述了太平洋西边界流系；提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流)；不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统，在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流，以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识；从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结；发展了浅海水团的研究方法，基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制，在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献；阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制，揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构，定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力；基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征，提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制；构建了“南海内波潜标观测网”，实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识；发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论，提出了海流“边缘不稳定”的概念，开发了海洋湍流模式，提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等；在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识，并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响；研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式，推出一系列海洋与气候模式；发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统；建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模 型实验平台；发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法，建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系，揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应；初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网；持续开展南北极调查研究；建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统，为中国气象减灾提供保障；突破了国外的海洋技术封锁，研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器；建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型，为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示，经过70年的发展，中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍，这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军。  相似文献   

A comparison of the effectiveness of the roots of two grass species in reducing soil erosion on alluvial fans in south-east China     

Fangshi Jiang  Kaiwen He  Jiahui Lin  Hui Li  Zhenzhi Zhan  Jinshi Lin  Hongli Ge  Ming Kuang Wang  Yanhe Huang 《水文研究》2020,34(1):96-110

The effects of root systems on soil detachment by overland flow are closely related to vegetation types. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of two gramineous roots (Paspalum mandiocanum with shallow roots and Pennisetum giganteum with deep roots) on soil detachment capacity, rill erodibility, and critical shear stress on alluvial fans of benggang in south-east China. A 4-m-long and 0.12-m-wide flume was used. Slope steepness ranged from 9% to 27%, and unit flow discharge ranged from 1.39 × 10⁻³ to 4.19 × 10⁻³ m² s⁻¹. The mean detachment capacities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 18% and 38% lower than that of bare land, respectively, and the effects of root on reducing soil detachment were mainly reflected in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer. The most important factors in characterizing soil detachment capacity were root length density and soil cohesion, and soil detachment capacity of the two grass lands could be estimated using flow shear stress, soil cohesion, and root length density (NSE = 0.90). With the increase in soil depth, rill erodibility increased, whereas shear stress decreased. The mean rill erodibilities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 81% and 61% as much as that of bare land, respectively. Additionally, rill erodibilities of the two grass lands could be estimated as an exponential function by root length density and soil cohesion (NSE = 0.88). The mean critical shear stress of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands was 1.29 and 1.39 times that of bare land, respectively, and it could be estimated with a linear function by root length density (NSE = 0.76). This study demonstrated that planting of the two grasses P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum could effectively reduce soil detachment and enhance soil resistance to erosion on alluvial fans, with the deep roots of P. giganteum being more effective than the shallow roots of P. mandiocanum. The results are helpful for understanding the influencing mechanism of root systems on soil detachment process.  相似文献   

X波段高分辨率SAR数据土石坝表面相干性时序变化分析     

单强  姜卫平  李陶  陈露璐 《测绘通报》2020,(10):1-5

本文以深圳公明水库6个中小型土石坝为试验区，利用10景1 m分辨率升降轨X波段TerraSAR影像和坝体附近连续气象站的降雨量数据，研究了坝体表面相干性的时序变化与雷达本地入射角及降雨的关系。试验结果表明，混凝土面板和草坡平均相干性均会随本地入射角增加而减小，同时，草坡表面平均相干性在有微小降雨的情况下就会快速下降0.1~0.2，差分干涉图的噪声增大；混凝土面板对微小的降雨敏感度小，但是在暴雨情况下将导致其表面完全失相干。上述结果表明，针对中小土石坝坡体变形监测应当顾及坝体的坡度及入射角选择合适的雷达成像参数，同时应充分利用降雨资料评估干涉图失相干情况，剔除噪声数据。  相似文献   

The role of salinity in fluvio-deltaic morphodynamics: A long-term modelling study     

Zeng Zhou  Luying Chen  Jianfeng Tao  Zheng Gong  Leicheng Guo  Mick van der Wegen  Ian Townend  Changkuan Zhang 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(3):590-604

Salinity difference between terrestrial river discharge and oceanic tidal water plays a role in modifying the local flow field and, as a consequence, estuarine morphodynamics. Although widely recognized, recent numerical studies exploring the long-term morphological evolution of river-influenced estuaries with two-dimensional, depth-averaged models have mostly neglected salinity. Using a three-dimensional morphodynamic model, we aim to gain more insight into the effect of salinity on the morphodynamics of fluvio-deltaic systems. Model results indicate that the resultant estuarine morphology established after 600 years differs remarkably when a salinity gradient is included. A fan-shaped river-mouth delta exhibits less seaward expansion and is cut through by narrower channels when salinity is included. The inclusion of salinity tends to generate estuarine circulation, which favours landward sediment transport and hence limits the growth of the delta while enhancing the development of intertidal areas. The formation of deltaic channel–shoal patterns resulting from morphodynamic evolution tends to strengthen salinity stratification, which is characterized by an increased gradient Richardson number. The direction of the depth-averaged residual sediment transport over a tide may be opposite to the direction of residual velocity, indicating the significant influence of baroclinic effects on the net sediment transport direction (and hence morphological change). The effect of salinity on morphological evolution becomes less profound when the strength of tidal or fluvial forcing is dominant over the other. The effects of sediment type and flocculation, which are particularly important when salinity gradients are present, are also discussed. Overall, this study highlights that neglecting salinity to simulate long-term estuarine morphodynamics requires more careful justification, particularly when the environment is characterized by fine sediment types (favouring suspended transport), and relatively large river discharge and estuarine depth (favouring baroclinic effects). © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

东海盆地西湖凹陷天台区始新世平湖组风暴岩的发现及其地质意义     

何玉平 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(2):500-508

风暴岩对于古地理和古环境具有良好的指相意义。东海盆地西湖凹陷天台区始新世平湖组发育典型的风暴岩。通过详细的岩心观察，发育的风暴沉积标志主要有冲刷-充填构造、风暴撕扯构造和丘状-洼状交错层理构造等。根据风暴岩垂向上的组合特征及沉积构造差异，识别出了近源和远源两种风暴沉积类型，分别指示了不同的沉积背景：近源风暴岩表现为不完整的风暴岩垂向沉积序列，呈风暴砾屑层段（A）+泥岩段（E）叠加，为潮坪潮下带沉积；远源风暴岩具完整和不完整的风暴岩垂向沉积序列，以粒序段（B）+平行层理段（C）+丘状（洼状）层理段（D）叠加为特征，属浅海陆棚沉积。风暴层序自下而上沉积环境为浅海陆棚→潮坪，风暴岩的分布差异表明形成环境向上变浅的沉积特征。该发现为本区古环境的演变提供了重要依据。  相似文献   

一种潜艇装备作战能力比较研究方法     

罗浩  宁云晖  陶伟  尤岳 《数字海洋与水下攻防》2020,3(6):494-498

对潜艇装备作战能力评估问题进行了研究，发现运用定量评估方法的过程中存在指标评价所需数据无法完全获取的问题。结合美弗吉尼亚潜艇改进情况，分析了影响潜艇作战能力的一些关键因素，重点基于潜艇武器装载能力，对国外典型潜艇进行了作战能力比较分析，最后对分析结果进行了评价，并讨论了未来潜艇作战能力评估方法的发展方向。  相似文献   

相关和频谱分析法在岩溶系统中的应用研究综述     

李建鸿  蒲俊兵  张陶  王赛男 《中国岩溶》2020,39(3):335-344

岩溶含水层由多重含水介质组成，具有高度的非均质性，从系统角度出发，将岩溶系统看作是一个过滤器，将降雨作为输入信号，泉流量、水位、电导率、浊度等物理化学参数作为输出量进行相关和频谱分析是认识岩溶系统内部结构特征的有效方法。文章综述了相关和频谱分析法在岩溶系统研究中的应用，首先介绍了相关和频谱分析法基本理论的形成、发展过程和研究意义，然后总结了如何根据不同的研究目的选择相关和频谱分析法使用的时间序列的长度、周期和类型，最后阐述了该方法应用于岩溶系统分析的局限性。   相似文献   

Improved space–time sea surface salinity mapping in Western Pacific ocean using contingogram modeling     

He  Mingjun  He  Junyu  Christakos  George 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2020,34(2):355-368

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - In the context of statistical correlation theory and geostatistics, the covariance function has been widely used to characterize the...  相似文献   

Crustal velocity structure of the Northwest Sub-basin of the South China Sea based on seismic data reprocessing     

Wang  Qiang  Zhao  Minghui  Zhang  Haoyu  Zhang  Jiazheng  He  Enyuan  Yuan  Ye  Qiu  Xuelin 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2020,63(11):1791-1806

Science China Earth Sciences - The deep crustal structure of the Northwest Sub-basin (NWSB) of the South China Sea (SCS) is of great importance for understanding the tectonic nature of the...  相似文献   

Climatological Characteristics of the East Asian Winter Monsoon Simulated by CWRF Regional Climate Model     

Bingdi Wang  Qingquan Li  Xinyong Shen  Lili Dong  Fang Wang  Tao Wang  Xinzhong Liang 《地球科学进展》2020,35(3):319-330

Based on the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data from the European Medium-Term Weather Forecast Center from 1979 to 2016 and the ERSSTv4 sea surface temperature data from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the regional climate model CWRF was used to simulate the climate characteristics in East Asia. The results show that the CWRF model can well reproduce the average characteristics of the East Asian winter monsoon circulation, including the location and intensity of the low-level continental cold high pressure and variation characteristics of wind field in high and low levels. The occurrence area and frequency of the north wind in the simulation and the reanalysis data were further calculated and compared. It is shown that they are basically consistent. The distribution of air temperature and precipitation over China are well represented by the model. The water vapor transport is also in good agreement with the reanalysis data. The water vapor from the Bay of Bengal plays a vital role in the precipitation over South China. The simulation results of apparent heat source and apparent moisture sink show that the model can well simulate the thermal difference between the East Asian continent and the adjacent sea area. The analysis results indicate that CWRF model has the ability to simulate the main characteristics of the East Asian winter monsoon.  相似文献